CWE-79
Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
The product does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes user-controllable input before it is placed in output that is used as a web page that is served to other users.
CVE-2006-10001 (GCVE-0-2006-10001)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2023-03-05 20:31
Modified
2024-08-07 20:57
Severity ?
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross Site Scripting
Summary
A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, was found in Subscribe to Comments Plugin up to 2.0.7 on WordPress. This affects an unknown part of the file subscribe-to-comments.php. The manipulation leads to cross site scripting. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. Upgrading to version 2.0.8 is able to address this issue. The identifier of the patch is 9683bdf462fcac2f32b33be98f0b96497fbd1bb6. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier VDB-222321 was assigned to this vulnerability.
References
| ► | URL | Tags | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | Subscribe to Comments Plugin |
Version: 2.0.0 Version: 2.0.1 Version: 2.0.2 Version: 2.0.3 Version: 2.0.4 Version: 2.0.5 Version: 2.0.6 Version: 2.0.7 |
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CVE-2008-10002 (GCVE-0-2008-10002)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2023-03-05 02:00
Modified
2024-08-07 12:03
Severity ?
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross Site Scripting
Summary
A vulnerability has been found in cfire24 ajaxlife up to 0.3.2 and classified as problematic. This vulnerability affects unknown code. The manipulation leads to cross site scripting. The attack can be initiated remotely. Upgrading to version 0.3.3 is able to address this issue. The patch is identified as 9fb53b67312fe3f4336e01c1e3e1bedb4be0c1c8. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. VDB-222286 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.
References
| ► | URL | Tags | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||
Impacted products
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CVE-2009-10001 (GCVE-0-2009-10001)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2023-01-13 17:09
Modified
2024-08-07 07:32
Severity ?
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross Site Scripting
Summary
A vulnerability classified as problematic was found in jianlinwei cool-php-captcha up to 0.2. This vulnerability affects unknown code of the file example-form.php. The manipulation of the argument captcha with the input %3Cscript%3Ealert(1)%3C/script%3E leads to cross site scripting. The attack can be initiated remotely. The exploit has been disclosed to the public and may be used. Upgrading to version 0.3 is able to address this issue. The name of the patch is c84fb6b153bebaf228feee0cbf50728d27ae3f80. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier of this vulnerability is VDB-218296.
References
| ► | URL | Tags | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||||||||
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| jianlinwei | cool-php-captcha |
Version: 0.1 Version: 0.2 |
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CVE-2009-10002 (GCVE-0-2009-10002)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2023-01-13 17:12
Modified
2024-11-25 17:04
Severity ?
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross Site Scripting
Summary
A vulnerability, which was classified as problematic, has been found in dpup fittr-flickr. This issue affects some unknown processing of the file fittr-flickr/features/easy-exif.js of the component EXIF Preview Handler. The manipulation leads to cross site scripting. The attack may be initiated remotely. The identifier of the patch is 08875dd8a2e5d0d16568bb0d67cb4328062fccde. It is recommended to apply a patch to fix this issue. The identifier VDB-218297 was assigned to this vulnerability.
References
| ► | URL | Tags | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| dpup | fittr-flickr |
Version: n/a |
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CVE-2009-10003 (GCVE-0-2009-10003)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2023-01-29 18:58
Modified
2024-08-07 07:32
Severity ?
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross Site Scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was found in capnsquarepants wordcraft up to 0.6. It has been classified as problematic. Affected is an unknown function of the file tag.php. The manipulation of the argument tag leads to cross site scripting. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. Upgrading to version 0.7 is able to address this issue. The patch is identified as be23028633e8105de92f387036871c03f34d3124. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. VDB-219714 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability.
References
| ► | URL | Tags | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| capnsquarepants | wordcraft |
Version: 0.1 Version: 0.2 Version: 0.3 Version: 0.4 Version: 0.5 Version: 0.6 |
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CVE-2009-10004 (GCVE-0-2009-10004)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2023-04-09 23:31
Modified
2024-08-07 07:32
Severity ?
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross Site Scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was found in Turante Sandbox Theme up to 1.5.2. It has been classified as problematic. This affects the function sandbox_body_class of the file functions.php. The manipulation of the argument page leads to cross site scripting. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. Upgrading to version 1.6.1 is able to address this issue. The identifier of the patch is 8045b1e10970342f558b2c5f360e0bd135af2b10. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier VDB-225357 was assigned to this vulnerability.
References
| ► | URL | Tags | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turante | Sandbox Theme |
Version: 1.5.0 Version: 1.5.1 Version: 1.5.2 |
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CVE-2010-10002 (GCVE-0-2010-10002)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2023-01-01 16:16
Modified
2024-08-07 04:17
Severity ?
3.1 (Low) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.1 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.1 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross Site Scripting
Summary
** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in SimpleSAMLphp simplesamlphp-module-openid. Affected is an unknown function of the file templates/consumer.php of the component OpenID Handler. The manipulation of the argument AuthState leads to cross site scripting. It is possible to launch the attack remotely. The complexity of an attack is rather high. The exploitability is told to be difficult. Upgrading to version 1.0 is able to address this issue. The patch is identified as d652d41ccaf8c45d5707e741c0c5d82a2365a9a3. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. VDB-217170 is the identifier assigned to this vulnerability. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
References
| ► | URL | Tags | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SimpleSAMLphp | simplesamlphp-module-openid |
Version: n/a |
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CVE-2010-10004 (GCVE-0-2010-10004)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2023-01-09 07:15
Modified
2024-08-07 04:17
Severity ?
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross Site Scripting
Summary
A vulnerability was found in Information Cards Module on simpleSAMLphp and classified as problematic. This issue affects some unknown processing. The manipulation leads to cross site scripting. The attack may be initiated remotely. Upgrading to version 1.0 is able to address this issue. The identifier of the patch is f6bfea49ae16dc6e179df8306d39c3694f1ef186. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier VDB-217661 was assigned to this vulnerability.
References
| ► | URL | Tags | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/a | Information Cards Module |
Version: n/a |
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CVE-2010-10008 (GCVE-0-2010-10008)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2023-01-17 07:35
Modified
2024-11-25 16:35
Severity ?
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross Site Scripting
Summary
** UNSUPPORTED WHEN ASSIGNED ** A vulnerability was found in simplesamlphp simplesamlphp-module-openidprovider up to 0.8.x. It has been declared as problematic. Affected by this vulnerability is an unknown functionality of the file templates/trust.tpl.php. The manipulation of the argument StateID leads to cross site scripting. The attack can be launched remotely. Upgrading to version 0.9.0 is able to address this issue. The identifier of the patch is 8365d48c863cf06ccf1465cc0a161cefae29d69d. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier VDB-218473 was assigned to this vulnerability. NOTE: This vulnerability only affects products that are no longer supported by the maintainer.
References
| ► | URL | Tags | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
||||||||||||||
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| simplesamlphp | simplesamlphp-module-openidprovider |
Version: 0.1 Version: 0.2 Version: 0.3 Version: 0.4 Version: 0.5 Version: 0.6 Version: 0.7 Version: 0.8 |
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CVE-2010-10010 (GCVE-0-2010-10010)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2023-06-01 05:00
Modified
2024-08-07 04:17
Severity ?
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
3.5 (Low) - CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N
VLAI Severity ?
EPSS score ?
CWE
- CWE-79 - Cross Site Scripting
Summary
A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in Stars Alliance PsychoStats up to 3.2.2a. This affects an unknown part of the file upload/admin/login.php. The manipulation of the argument ref leads to cross site scripting. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. Upgrading to version 3.2.2b is able to address this issue. The identifier of the patch is 5d3b7311fd5085ec6ea1b1bfa9a05285964e07e4. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier VDB-230265 was assigned to this vulnerability.
References
| ► | URL | Tags | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||||||||
Impacted products
| Vendor | Product | Version | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stars Alliance | PsychoStats |
Version: 3.2.2a |
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],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.230265"
},
{
"tags": [
"related",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "http://www.psychostats.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=20796\u0026hl="
},
{
"tags": [
"patch",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://github.com/StarsAlliance/PsychoStats/commit/5d3b7311fd5085ec6ea1b1bfa9a05285964e07e4"
},
{
"tags": [
"patch",
"x_transferred"
],
"url": "https://github.com/StarsAlliance/PsychoStats/releases/tag/3.2.2b"
}
],
"title": "CVE Program Container"
}
],
"cna": {
"affected": [
{
"product": "PsychoStats",
"vendor": "Stars Alliance",
"versions": [
{
"status": "affected",
"version": "3.2.2a"
}
]
}
],
"descriptions": [
{
"lang": "en",
"value": "A vulnerability classified as problematic has been found in Stars Alliance PsychoStats up to 3.2.2a. This affects an unknown part of the file upload/admin/login.php. The manipulation of the argument ref leads to cross site scripting. It is possible to initiate the attack remotely. Upgrading to version 3.2.2b is able to address this issue. The identifier of the patch is 5d3b7311fd5085ec6ea1b1bfa9a05285964e07e4. It is recommended to upgrade the affected component. The identifier VDB-230265 was assigned to this vulnerability."
},
{
"lang": "de",
"value": "Es wurde eine Schwachstelle in Stars Alliance PsychoStats bis 3.2.2a entdeckt. Sie wurde als problematisch eingestuft. Es betrifft eine unbekannte Funktion der Datei upload/admin/login.php. Mit der Manipulation des Arguments ref mit unbekannten Daten kann eine cross site scripting-Schwachstelle ausgenutzt werden. Der Angriff kann \u00fcber das Netzwerk erfolgen. Ein Aktualisieren auf die Version 3.2.2b vermag dieses Problem zu l\u00f6sen. Der Patch wird als 5d3b7311fd5085ec6ea1b1bfa9a05285964e07e4 bezeichnet. Als bestm\u00f6gliche Massnahme wird das Einspielen eines Upgrades empfohlen."
}
],
"metrics": [
{
"cvssV3_1": {
"baseScore": 3.5,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"version": "3.1"
}
},
{
"cvssV3_0": {
"baseScore": 3.5,
"baseSeverity": "LOW",
"vectorString": "CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N",
"version": "3.0"
}
},
{
"cvssV2_0": {
"baseScore": 4,
"vectorString": "AV:N/AC:L/Au:S/C:N/I:P/A:N",
"version": "2.0"
}
}
],
"problemTypes": [
{
"descriptions": [
{
"cweId": "CWE-79",
"description": "CWE-79 Cross Site Scripting",
"lang": "en",
"type": "CWE"
}
]
}
],
"providerMetadata": {
"dateUpdated": "2023-10-12T08:28:07.807Z",
"orgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"shortName": "VulDB"
},
"references": [
{
"tags": [
"vdb-entry",
"technical-description"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?id.230265"
},
{
"tags": [
"signature",
"permissions-required"
],
"url": "https://vuldb.com/?ctiid.230265"
},
{
"tags": [
"related"
],
"url": "http://www.psychostats.com/forums/index.php?showtopic=20796\u0026hl="
},
{
"tags": [
"patch"
],
"url": "https://github.com/StarsAlliance/PsychoStats/commit/5d3b7311fd5085ec6ea1b1bfa9a05285964e07e4"
},
{
"tags": [
"patch"
],
"url": "https://github.com/StarsAlliance/PsychoStats/releases/tag/3.2.2b"
}
],
"timeline": [
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2010-08-09T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Advisory disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2010-08-09T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "Countermeasure disclosed"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2023-05-30T00:00:00.000Z",
"value": "CVE reserved"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2023-05-30T02:00:00.000Z",
"value": "VulDB entry created"
},
{
"lang": "en",
"time": "2023-06-24T14:57:04.000Z",
"value": "VulDB last update"
}
],
"title": "Stars Alliance PsychoStats login.php cross site scripting"
}
},
"cveMetadata": {
"assignerOrgId": "1af790b2-7ee1-4545-860a-a788eba489b5",
"assignerShortName": "VulDB",
"cveId": "CVE-2010-10010",
"datePublished": "2023-06-01T05:00:04.185Z",
"dateReserved": "2023-05-30T20:03:29.256Z",
"dateUpdated": "2024-08-07T04:17:10.187Z",
"state": "PUBLISHED"
},
"dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
"dataVersion": "5.1"
}
Mitigation ID: MIT-4
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Libraries or Frameworks
Description:
- Use a vetted library or framework that does not allow this weakness to occur or provides constructs that make this weakness easier to avoid.
- Examples of libraries and frameworks that make it easier to generate properly encoded output include Microsoft's Anti-XSS library, the OWASP ESAPI Encoding module, and Apache Wicket.
Mitigation
Phases: Implementation, Architecture and Design
Description:
- Understand the context in which your data will be used and the encoding that will be expected. This is especially important when transmitting data between different components, or when generating outputs that can contain multiple encodings at the same time, such as web pages or multi-part mail messages. Study all expected communication protocols and data representations to determine the required encoding strategies.
- For any data that will be output to another web page, especially any data that was received from external inputs, use the appropriate encoding on all non-alphanumeric characters.
- Parts of the same output document may require different encodings, which will vary depending on whether the output is in the:
- etc. Note that HTML Entity Encoding is only appropriate for the HTML body.
- Consult the XSS Prevention Cheat Sheet [REF-724] for more details on the types of encoding and escaping that are needed.
- HTML body
- Element attributes (such as src="XYZ")
- URIs
- JavaScript sections
- Cascading Style Sheets and style property
Mitigation ID: MIT-6
Phases: Architecture and Design, Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Description:
- Understand all the potential areas where untrusted inputs can enter your software: parameters or arguments, cookies, anything read from the network, environment variables, reverse DNS lookups, query results, request headers, URL components, e-mail, files, filenames, databases, and any external systems that provide data to the application. Remember that such inputs may be obtained indirectly through API calls.
Mitigation ID: MIT-15
Phase: Architecture and Design
Description:
- For any security checks that are performed on the client side, ensure that these checks are duplicated on the server side, in order to avoid CWE-602. Attackers can bypass the client-side checks by modifying values after the checks have been performed, or by changing the client to remove the client-side checks entirely. Then, these modified values would be submitted to the server.
Mitigation ID: MIT-27
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Parameterization
Description:
- If available, use structured mechanisms that automatically enforce the separation between data and code. These mechanisms may be able to provide the relevant quoting, encoding, and validation automatically, instead of relying on the developer to provide this capability at every point where output is generated.
Mitigation ID: MIT-30.1
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Output Encoding
Description:
- Use and specify an output encoding that can be handled by the downstream component that is reading the output. Common encodings include ISO-8859-1, UTF-7, and UTF-8. When an encoding is not specified, a downstream component may choose a different encoding, either by assuming a default encoding or automatically inferring which encoding is being used, which can be erroneous. When the encodings are inconsistent, the downstream component might treat some character or byte sequences as special, even if they are not special in the original encoding. Attackers might then be able to exploit this discrepancy and conduct injection attacks; they even might be able to bypass protection mechanisms that assume the original encoding is also being used by the downstream component.
- The problem of inconsistent output encodings often arises in web pages. If an encoding is not specified in an HTTP header, web browsers often guess about which encoding is being used. This can open up the browser to subtle XSS attacks.
Mitigation ID: MIT-43
Phase: Implementation
Description:
- With Struts, write all data from form beans with the bean's filter attribute set to true.
Mitigation ID: MIT-31
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Attack Surface Reduction
Description:
- To help mitigate XSS attacks against the user's session cookie, set the session cookie to be HttpOnly. In browsers that support the HttpOnly feature (such as more recent versions of Internet Explorer and Firefox), this attribute can prevent the user's session cookie from being accessible to malicious client-side scripts that use document.cookie. This is not a complete solution, since HttpOnly is not supported by all browsers. More importantly, XMLHTTPRequest and other powerful browser technologies provide read access to HTTP headers, including the Set-Cookie header in which the HttpOnly flag is set.
Mitigation ID: MIT-5
Phase: Implementation
Strategy: Input Validation
Description:
- Assume all input is malicious. Use an "accept known good" input validation strategy, i.e., use a list of acceptable inputs that strictly conform to specifications. Reject any input that does not strictly conform to specifications, or transform it into something that does.
- When performing input validation, consider all potentially relevant properties, including length, type of input, the full range of acceptable values, missing or extra inputs, syntax, consistency across related fields, and conformance to business rules. As an example of business rule logic, "boat" may be syntactically valid because it only contains alphanumeric characters, but it is not valid if the input is only expected to contain colors such as "red" or "blue."
- Do not rely exclusively on looking for malicious or malformed inputs. This is likely to miss at least one undesirable input, especially if the code's environment changes. This can give attackers enough room to bypass the intended validation. However, denylists can be useful for detecting potential attacks or determining which inputs are so malformed that they should be rejected outright.
- When dynamically constructing web pages, use stringent allowlists that limit the character set based on the expected value of the parameter in the request. All input should be validated and cleansed, not just parameters that the user is supposed to specify, but all data in the request, including hidden fields, cookies, headers, the URL itself, and so forth. A common mistake that leads to continuing XSS vulnerabilities is to validate only fields that are expected to be redisplayed by the site. It is common to see data from the request that is reflected by the application server or the application that the development team did not anticipate. Also, a field that is not currently reflected may be used by a future developer. Therefore, validating ALL parts of the HTTP request is recommended.
- Note that proper output encoding, escaping, and quoting is the most effective solution for preventing XSS, although input validation may provide some defense-in-depth. This is because it effectively limits what will appear in output. Input validation will not always prevent XSS, especially if you are required to support free-form text fields that could contain arbitrary characters. For example, in a chat application, the heart emoticon ("<3") would likely pass the validation step, since it is commonly used. However, it cannot be directly inserted into the web page because it contains the "<" character, which would need to be escaped or otherwise handled. In this case, stripping the "<" might reduce the risk of XSS, but it would produce incorrect behavior because the emoticon would not be recorded. This might seem to be a minor inconvenience, but it would be more important in a mathematical forum that wants to represent inequalities.
- Even if you make a mistake in your validation (such as forgetting one out of 100 input fields), appropriate encoding is still likely to protect you from injection-based attacks. As long as it is not done in isolation, input validation is still a useful technique, since it may significantly reduce your attack surface, allow you to detect some attacks, and provide other security benefits that proper encoding does not address.
- Ensure that you perform input validation at well-defined interfaces within the application. This will help protect the application even if a component is reused or moved elsewhere.
Mitigation ID: MIT-21
Phase: Architecture and Design
Strategy: Enforcement by Conversion
Description:
- When the set of acceptable objects, such as filenames or URLs, is limited or known, create a mapping from a set of fixed input values (such as numeric IDs) to the actual filenames or URLs, and reject all other inputs.
Mitigation ID: MIT-29
Phase: Operation
Strategy: Firewall
Description:
- Use an application firewall that can detect attacks against this weakness. It can be beneficial in cases in which the code cannot be fixed (because it is controlled by a third party), as an emergency prevention measure while more comprehensive software assurance measures are applied, or to provide defense in depth.
Mitigation ID: MIT-16
Phases: Operation, Implementation
Strategy: Environment Hardening
Description:
- When using PHP, configure the application so that it does not use register_globals. During implementation, develop the application so that it does not rely on this feature, but be wary of implementing a register_globals emulation that is subject to weaknesses such as CWE-95, CWE-621, and similar issues.
CAPEC-209: XSS Using MIME Type Mismatch
An adversary creates a file with scripting content but where the specified MIME type of the file is such that scripting is not expected. The adversary tricks the victim into accessing a URL that responds with the script file. Some browsers will detect that the specified MIME type of the file does not match the actual type of its content and will automatically switch to using an interpreter for the real content type. If the browser does not invoke script filters before doing this, the adversary's script may run on the target unsanitized, possibly revealing the victim's cookies or executing arbitrary script in their browser.
CAPEC-588: DOM-Based XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is inserted into the client-side HTML being parsed by a web browser. Content served by a vulnerable web application includes script code used to manipulate the Document Object Model (DOM). This script code either does not properly validate input, or does not perform proper output encoding, thus creating an opportunity for an adversary to inject a malicious script launch a XSS attack. A key distinction between other XSS attacks and DOM-based attacks is that in other XSS attacks, the malicious script runs when the vulnerable web page is initially loaded, while a DOM-based attack executes sometime after the page loads. Another distinction of DOM-based attacks is that in some cases, the malicious script is never sent to the vulnerable web server at all. An attack like this is guaranteed to bypass any server-side filtering attempts to protect users.
CAPEC-591: Reflected XSS
This type of attack is a form of Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is "reflected" off a vulnerable web application and then executed by a victim's browser. The process starts with an adversary delivering a malicious script to a victim and convincing the victim to send the script to the vulnerable web application.
CAPEC-592: Stored XSS
An adversary utilizes a form of Cross-site Scripting (XSS) where a malicious script is persistently "stored" within the data storage of a vulnerable web application as valid input.
CAPEC-63: Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
An adversary embeds malicious scripts in content that will be served to web browsers. The goal of the attack is for the target software, the client-side browser, to execute the script with the users' privilege level. An attack of this type exploits a programs' vulnerabilities that are brought on by allowing remote hosts to execute code and scripts. Web browsers, for example, have some simple security controls in place, but if a remote attacker is allowed to execute scripts (through injecting them in to user-generated content like bulletin boards) then these controls may be bypassed. Further, these attacks are very difficult for an end user to detect.
CAPEC-85: AJAX Footprinting
This attack utilizes the frequent client-server roundtrips in Ajax conversation to scan a system. While Ajax does not open up new vulnerabilities per se, it does optimize them from an attacker point of view. A common first step for an attacker is to footprint the target environment to understand what attacks will work. Since footprinting relies on enumeration, the conversational pattern of rapid, multiple requests and responses that are typical in Ajax applications enable an attacker to look for many vulnerabilities, well-known ports, network locations and so on. The knowledge gained through Ajax fingerprinting can be used to support other attacks, such as XSS.