CVE-2019-11253 (GCVE-0-2019-11253)
Vulnerability from cvelistv5
Published
2019-10-17 15:40
Modified
2024-09-16 23:21
Severity ?
7.5 (High) - CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
CWE
  • CWE-20 - Improper Input Validation
Summary
Improper input validation in the Kubernetes API server in versions v1.0-1.12 and versions prior to v1.13.12, v1.14.8, v1.15.5, and v1.16.2 allows authorized users to send malicious YAML or JSON payloads, causing the API server to consume excessive CPU or memory, potentially crashing and becoming unavailable. Prior to v1.14.0, default RBAC policy authorized anonymous users to submit requests that could trigger this vulnerability. Clusters upgraded from a version prior to v1.14.0 keep the more permissive policy by default for backwards compatibility.
References
Impacted products
Vendor Product Version
Kubernetes Kubernetes Version: prior to 1.13.12
Version: prior to 1.14.8
Version: prior to 1.15.5
Version: prior to 1.16.2
Version: 1.1
Version: 1.2
Version: 1.3
Version: 1.4
Version: 1.5
Version: 1.6
Version: 1.7
Version: 1.8
Version: 1.9
Version: 1.10
Version: 1.11
Version: 1.12
 Create a notification for this product.
Show details on NVD website

To clipboard 

{
  "containers": {
    "adp": [
      {
        "providerMetadata": {
          "dateUpdated": "2024-08-04T22:48:09.095Z",
          "orgId": "af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108",
          "shortName": "CVE"
        },
        "references": [
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_refsource_CONFIRM",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/83253"
          },
          {
            "name": "CVE-2019-11253: denial of service vulnerability from malicious YAML or JSON payloads",
            "tags": [
              "mailing-list",
              "x_refsource_MLIST",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://groups.google.com/forum/#%21topic/kubernetes-security-announce/jk8polzSUxs"
          },
          {
            "name": "RHSA-2019:3239",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_REDHAT",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3239"
          },
          {
            "tags": [
              "x_refsource_CONFIRM",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20191031-0006/"
          },
          {
            "name": "RHSA-2019:3811",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_REDHAT",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3811"
          },
          {
            "name": "RHSA-2019:3905",
            "tags": [
              "vendor-advisory",
              "x_refsource_REDHAT",
              "x_transferred"
            ],
            "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3905"
          }
        ],
        "title": "CVE Program Container"
      }
    ],
    "cna": {
      "affected": [
        {
          "product": "Kubernetes",
          "vendor": "Kubernetes",
          "versions": [
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "prior to 1.13.12"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "prior to 1.14.8"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "prior to 1.15.5"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "prior to 1.16.2"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.1"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.2"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.3"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.4"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.5"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.6"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.7"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.8"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.9"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.10"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.11"
            },
            {
              "status": "affected",
              "version": "1.12"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "credits": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Rory McCune"
        }
      ],
      "datePublic": "2019-09-27T00:00:00",
      "descriptions": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Improper input validation in the Kubernetes API server in versions v1.0-1.12 and versions prior to v1.13.12, v1.14.8, v1.15.5, and v1.16.2 allows authorized users to send malicious YAML or JSON payloads, causing the API server to consume excessive CPU or memory, potentially crashing and becoming unavailable. Prior to v1.14.0, default RBAC policy authorized anonymous users to submit requests that could trigger this vulnerability. Clusters upgraded from a version prior to v1.14.0 keep the more permissive policy by default for backwards compatibility."
        }
      ],
      "metrics": [
        {
          "cvssV3_1": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        }
      ],
      "problemTypes": [
        {
          "descriptions": [
            {
              "cweId": "CWE-20",
              "description": "CWE-20: Improper Input Validation",
              "lang": "en",
              "type": "CWE"
            }
          ]
        }
      ],
      "providerMetadata": {
        "dateUpdated": "2019-11-18T20:06:59",
        "orgId": "a6081bf6-c852-4425-ad4f-a67919267565",
        "shortName": "kubernetes"
      },
      "references": [
        {
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/83253"
        },
        {
          "name": "CVE-2019-11253: denial of service vulnerability from malicious YAML or JSON payloads",
          "tags": [
            "mailing-list",
            "x_refsource_MLIST"
          ],
          "url": "https://groups.google.com/forum/#%21topic/kubernetes-security-announce/jk8polzSUxs"
        },
        {
          "name": "RHSA-2019:3239",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_REDHAT"
          ],
          "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3239"
        },
        {
          "tags": [
            "x_refsource_CONFIRM"
          ],
          "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20191031-0006/"
        },
        {
          "name": "RHSA-2019:3811",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_REDHAT"
          ],
          "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3811"
        },
        {
          "name": "RHSA-2019:3905",
          "tags": [
            "vendor-advisory",
            "x_refsource_REDHAT"
          ],
          "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3905"
        }
      ],
      "source": {
        "defect": [
          "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/83253"
        ],
        "discovery": "USER"
      },
      "title": "Kubernetes API Server JSON/YAML parsing vulnerable to resource exhaustion attack",
      "workarounds": [
        {
          "lang": "en",
          "value": "Exposure to requests from unauthenticated users can be mitigated by removing all write permissions from unauthenticated users, following instructions at https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/83253"
        }
      ],
      "x_generator": {
        "engine": "Vulnogram 0.0.7"
      },
      "x_legacyV4Record": {
        "CVE_data_meta": {
          "AKA": "",
          "ASSIGNER": "security@kubernetes.io",
          "DATE_PUBLIC": "2019-09-27",
          "ID": "CVE-2019-11253",
          "STATE": "PUBLIC",
          "TITLE": "Kubernetes API Server JSON/YAML parsing vulnerable to resource exhaustion attack"
        },
        "affects": {
          "vendor": {
            "vendor_data": [
              {
                "product": {
                  "product_data": [
                    {
                      "product_name": "Kubernetes",
                      "version": {
                        "version_data": [
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "prior to 1.13.12"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "prior to 1.14.8"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "prior to 1.15.5"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "prior to 1.16.2"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "1.1"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "1.2"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "1.3"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "1.4"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "1.5"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "1.6"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "1.7"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "1.8"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "1.9"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "1.10"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "1.11"
                          },
                          {
                            "platform": "",
                            "version_affected": "",
                            "version_name": "",
                            "version_value": "1.12"
                          }
                        ]
                      }
                    }
                  ]
                },
                "vendor_name": "Kubernetes"
              }
            ]
          }
        },
        "configuration": [],
        "credit": [
          {
            "lang": "eng",
            "value": "Rory McCune"
          }
        ],
        "data_format": "MITRE",
        "data_type": "CVE",
        "data_version": "4.0",
        "description": {
          "description_data": [
            {
              "lang": "eng",
              "value": "Improper input validation in the Kubernetes API server in versions v1.0-1.12 and versions prior to v1.13.12, v1.14.8, v1.15.5, and v1.16.2 allows authorized users to send malicious YAML or JSON payloads, causing the API server to consume excessive CPU or memory, potentially crashing and becoming unavailable. Prior to v1.14.0, default RBAC policy authorized anonymous users to submit requests that could trigger this vulnerability. Clusters upgraded from a version prior to v1.14.0 keep the more permissive policy by default for backwards compatibility."
            }
          ]
        },
        "exploit": [],
        "generator": {
          "engine": "Vulnogram 0.0.7"
        },
        "impact": {
          "cvss": {
            "attackComplexity": "LOW",
            "attackVector": "NETWORK",
            "availabilityImpact": "HIGH",
            "baseScore": 7.5,
            "baseSeverity": "HIGH",
            "confidentialityImpact": "NONE",
            "integrityImpact": "NONE",
            "privilegesRequired": "NONE",
            "scope": "UNCHANGED",
            "userInteraction": "NONE",
            "vectorString": "CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H",
            "version": "3.1"
          }
        },
        "problemtype": {
          "problemtype_data": [
            {
              "description": [
                {
                  "lang": "eng",
                  "value": "CWE-20: Improper Input Validation"
                }
              ]
            }
          ]
        },
        "references": {
          "reference_data": [
            {
              "name": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/83253",
              "refsource": "CONFIRM",
              "url": "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/83253"
            },
            {
              "name": "CVE-2019-11253: denial of service vulnerability from malicious YAML or JSON payloads",
              "refsource": "MLIST",
              "url": "https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/kubernetes-security-announce/jk8polzSUxs"
            },
            {
              "name": "RHSA-2019:3239",
              "refsource": "REDHAT",
              "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3239"
            },
            {
              "name": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20191031-0006/",
              "refsource": "CONFIRM",
              "url": "https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20191031-0006/"
            },
            {
              "name": "RHSA-2019:3811",
              "refsource": "REDHAT",
              "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3811"
            },
            {
              "name": "RHSA-2019:3905",
              "refsource": "REDHAT",
              "url": "https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3905"
            }
          ]
        },
        "solution": [],
        "source": {
          "advisory": "",
          "defect": [
            "https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/83253"
          ],
          "discovery": "USER"
        },
        "work_around": [
          {
            "lang": "en",
            "value": "Exposure to requests from unauthenticated users can be mitigated by removing all write permissions from unauthenticated users, following instructions at https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/83253"
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  },
  "cveMetadata": {
    "assignerOrgId": "a6081bf6-c852-4425-ad4f-a67919267565",
    "assignerShortName": "kubernetes",
    "cveId": "CVE-2019-11253",
    "datePublished": "2019-10-17T15:40:10.154574Z",
    "dateReserved": "2019-04-17T00:00:00",
    "dateUpdated": "2024-09-16T23:21:47.959Z",
    "state": "PUBLISHED"
  },
  "dataType": "CVE_RECORD",
  "dataVersion": "5.1",
  "vulnerability-lookup:meta": {
    "nvd": "{\"cve\":{\"id\":\"CVE-2019-11253\",\"sourceIdentifier\":\"jordan@liggitt.net\",\"published\":\"2019-10-17T16:15:10.443\",\"lastModified\":\"2024-11-21T04:20:48.703\",\"vulnStatus\":\"Modified\",\"cveTags\":[],\"descriptions\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"Improper input validation in the Kubernetes API server in versions v1.0-1.12 and versions prior to v1.13.12, v1.14.8, v1.15.5, and v1.16.2 allows authorized users to send malicious YAML or JSON payloads, causing the API server to consume excessive CPU or memory, potentially crashing and becoming unavailable. Prior to v1.14.0, default RBAC policy authorized anonymous users to submit requests that could trigger this vulnerability. Clusters upgraded from a version prior to v1.14.0 keep the more permissive policy by default for backwards compatibility.\"},{\"lang\":\"es\",\"value\":\"La comprobaci\u00f3n de entrada inapropiada en el servidor API de Kubernetes en las versiones v1.0 hasta 1.12 y versiones anteriores a v1.13.12, v1.14.8, v1.15.5 y v1.16.2, permite a los usuarios autorizados enviar cargas maliciosas de YAML o JSON, causando que el servidor API consuma demasiada CPU o memoria, fallando potencialmente y dejando de estar disponible. En versiones anteriores a v1.14.0, la pol\u00edtica predeterminada de RBAC autorizaba a los usuarios an\u00f3nimos para enviar peticiones que pudieran desencadenar esta vulnerabilidad. Los cl\u00fasteres actualizados desde una versi\u00f3n anterior a v1.14.0 mantienen la pol\u00edtica m\u00e1s permisiva por defecto para la compatibilidad con versiones anteriores.\"}],\"metrics\":{\"cvssMetricV31\":[{\"source\":\"jordan@liggitt.net\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"NONE\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":3.9,\"impactScore\":3.6},{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"3.1\",\"vectorString\":\"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H\",\"baseScore\":7.5,\"baseSeverity\":\"HIGH\",\"attackVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"attackComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"privilegesRequired\":\"NONE\",\"userInteraction\":\"NONE\",\"scope\":\"UNCHANGED\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"HIGH\"},\"exploitabilityScore\":3.9,\"impactScore\":3.6}],\"cvssMetricV2\":[{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"cvssData\":{\"version\":\"2.0\",\"vectorString\":\"AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P\",\"baseScore\":5.0,\"accessVector\":\"NETWORK\",\"accessComplexity\":\"LOW\",\"authentication\":\"NONE\",\"confidentialityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"integrityImpact\":\"NONE\",\"availabilityImpact\":\"PARTIAL\"},\"baseSeverity\":\"MEDIUM\",\"exploitabilityScore\":10.0,\"impactScore\":2.9,\"acInsufInfo\":false,\"obtainAllPrivilege\":false,\"obtainUserPrivilege\":false,\"obtainOtherPrivilege\":false,\"userInteractionRequired\":false}]},\"weaknesses\":[{\"source\":\"jordan@liggitt.net\",\"type\":\"Secondary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-20\"}]},{\"source\":\"nvd@nist.gov\",\"type\":\"Primary\",\"description\":[{\"lang\":\"en\",\"value\":\"CWE-776\"}]}],\"configurations\":[{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:kubernetes:kubernetes:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"1.1.0\",\"versionEndIncluding\":\"1.12.10\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"F0820894-56B7-4CB8-AE5C-29639FA59718\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:kubernetes:kubernetes:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"1.13.0\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"1.13.2\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"9FF055F3-E11D-41DB-9ED7-434D9ED905B4\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:kubernetes:kubernetes:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"1.14.0\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"1.14.8\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"ADA3952E-8133-4E6A-A365-4FD74ABA962C\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:kubernetes:kubernetes:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"1.15.0\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"1.15.5\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"F9F7837F-DA69-453E-8B24-1EDF0A5CAB4C\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:kubernetes:kubernetes:*:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"versionStartIncluding\":\"1.16.0\",\"versionEndExcluding\":\"1.16.2\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"E1BDF819-871C-4E34-978F-BAFF8D895B84\"}]}]},{\"nodes\":[{\"operator\":\"OR\",\"negate\":false,\"cpeMatch\":[{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:redhat:openshift_container_platform:3.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"309CB6F8-F178-454C-BE97-787F78647C28\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:redhat:openshift_container_platform:3.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"4DBCD38F-BBE8-488C-A8C3-5782F191D915\"},{\"vulnerable\":true,\"criteria\":\"cpe:2.3:a:redhat:openshift_container_platform:3.11:*:*:*:*:*:*:*\",\"matchCriteriaId\":\"2F87326E-0B56-4356-A889-73D026DB1D4B\"}]}]}],\"references\":[{\"url\":\"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3239\",\"source\":\"jordan@liggitt.net\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3811\",\"source\":\"jordan@liggitt.net\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3905\",\"source\":\"jordan@liggitt.net\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/83253\",\"source\":\"jordan@liggitt.net\",\"tags\":[\"Exploit\",\"Issue Tracking\",\"Mitigation\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://groups.google.com/forum/#%21topic/kubernetes-security-announce/jk8polzSUxs\",\"source\":\"jordan@liggitt.net\"},{\"url\":\"https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20191031-0006/\",\"source\":\"jordan@liggitt.net\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3239\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3811\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2019:3905\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/83253\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Exploit\",\"Issue Tracking\",\"Mitigation\",\"Third Party Advisory\"]},{\"url\":\"https://groups.google.com/forum/#%21topic/kubernetes-security-announce/jk8polzSUxs\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\"},{\"url\":\"https://security.netapp.com/advisory/ntap-20191031-0006/\",\"source\":\"af854a3a-2127-422b-91ae-364da2661108\",\"tags\":[\"Third Party Advisory\"]}]}}"
  }
}


Log in or create an account to share your comment.




Tags
Taxonomy of the tags.




Sightings

Author Source Type Date

Nomenclature

  • Seen: The vulnerability was mentioned, discussed, or seen somewhere by the user.
  • Confirmed: The vulnerability is confirmed from an analyst perspective.
  • Exploited: This vulnerability was exploited and seen by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Patched: This vulnerability was successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Not exploited: This vulnerability was not exploited or seen by the user reporting the sighting.
  • Not confirmed: The user expresses doubt about the veracity of the vulnerability.
  • Not patched: This vulnerability was not successfully patched by the user reporting the sighting.